The history of the Dominican Republic has been a story of great highs and deep lows. This is reflected in the literature that has been produced over time. It is very difficult to find texts written by early historians, or even to locate single historical issues or events in popular magazines. Most literary production was devoted to hero-worship, personal autobiographies, religious writing, political pamphlets, science fiction and romance novels.Martinez Almanzar was born to a well-off family during an era where literary production focused on secular publications rather than historiography. The first well known historian was Gregorio Garcia Fernandez. His work, "Historia de Santo Domingo", was published in Paris in 1868. The lack of historical context prior to annexation by Spain, makes it difficult to interpret Garcia's text as a history book. In the early 20th century the Dominican Republic entered a period of economic expansion and growth that would last from 1918 to 1936. This was due to the development of sugar and coffee as the main agricultural commodities. Literature was produced that focused on this period, and many historians and novelists were connected with this era.The beginning of the Dominican Republic is marked by its annexation by Spain in 1492. This would be followed by a long period where Spanish culture influenced Dominicans to learn about their history and their culture. The term "Dominicanidad" was used later on as a way to distinguish "Dominicans" from those who had supposedly escaped from Spain. Some Dominicans felt oppressed throughout; during the nineteenth century, they began working out what Dominicanidad meant in terms of little progress made in the country's development since 1844. The Dominican Republic experienced its first party in 1845 when the Moderates, also known as the centralists, contended against the Locos for power. The Moderates came to power in 1849 after a coup against then president Pedro Santana that would be replaced by another in 1854 led by Buenaventura Baez in order to restore order. This continued until 1863 when Báez was overthrown and succeeded by Cesar Castillo.In 1864, during a clash between two generals fighting for the presidency, José María Cabral and Faustino Soulouque various Dominicans decided to declare independence from Haiti and proclaim annexation by Spain during what became known as the Restoration War of 1865-1866. The Dominicans were unsuccessful in this attempt and their efforts were crushed by Haitian forces. In order to prevent Haiti from absorbing the Dominicans, Spain sent troops. The War of Restoration would last from 1865 to 1866 and was ultimately ended by an agreement between the two sides that would establish a colonial relationship between the two countries. Haiti did not recognize this agreement and did not recognize Dominican independence until 1916.During this period, many texts were written about the war by opposing sides in order to justify their actions during its course. After 1865, there was a growing Dominican consciousness of independence from other nations, but there were no visible or identifiable political parties other than opposition against soulouqueismo and for centralism under Pedro Santana.
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